Chewing insects, pollinators, and predators on Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge / Insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e predadores em plantas de Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) fertilizada com lodo de esgoto desidratado

Abstract Fertilization with dehydrated sewage sludge can speed up the recovery process of degraded areas due to nutrients concentration, favoring the development of pioneer plants such as Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) and the emergence of insects. This study aimed the evaluation of chewing, pollinating insects, predators, their ecological indices and relationships on A. auriculiformis plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (with and without dehydrated sewage sludge) and 24 repetitions. The prevalence of chewing insects Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae), and Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), defoliation, and ecological indices of abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera were observed on fertilized A. auriculiformis. Acacia auriculiformis plants, with a superior number of branches/tree, revealed greater abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera, species richness of pollinating insects, defoliation, numbers of Parasyphraea sp. and T. collaris. The ones with larger leaves/branches displayed greater abundance of species richness of Coleoptera and Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Therefore, the use of A. auriculiformis plants, fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge, is promising in the recovery of degraded areas due to the ecological indices increase of chewing and pollinators insects and spiders in the analyzed area.

Resumo A fertilização com lodo de esgoto desidratado pode acelerar o processo de recuperação de áreas degradadas devido à concentração de nutrientes, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de plantas pioneiras tais como Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) e de seus insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e predadores e seus índices e relações ecológicas em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado, em área degradada, durante 24 meses. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizados com dois tratamentos (com e sem adubação com lodo de esgoto desidratado) e 24 repetições (uma repetição = uma planta). O maior número de insetos mastigadores Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae) e Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), de desfolha, e do índice ecológico abundância de Coleoptera e de Orthoptera foram maiores em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas do que nas não fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado. Plantas de A. auriculiformis, com maior quantidade de galhos/árvore, apresentaram maiores abundâncias de Coleoptera e Orthoptera, riqueza de espécies de insetos polinizadores, desfolha e números de Parasyphraea sp. e T. collaris, e as com maior folhas/galho os de riqueza de espécies de Coleoptera e Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Por tanto, a utilização de A. auriculiformis, adubada com lodo de esgoto desidratado, é promissora na recuperação de áreas degradadas devido ao aumento dos índices ecológicos de insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e aranhas na área.

Chewing insects, pollinators, and predators on Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge / Insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e predadores em plantas de Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) fertilizada com lodo de esgoto desidratado

Fertilization with dehydrated sewage sludge can speed up the recovery process of degraded areas due to nutrients concentration, favoring the development of pioneer plants such as Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) and the emergence of insects. This study aimed the evaluation of chewing, pollinating insects, predators, their ecological indices and relationships on A. auriculiformis plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (with and without dehydrated sewage sludge) and 24 repetitions. The prevalence of chewing insects Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae), and Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), defoliation, and ecological indices of abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera were observed on fertilized A. auriculiformis. Acacia auriculiformis plants, with a superior number of branches/tree, revealed greater abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera, species richness of pollinating insects, defoliation, numbers of Parasyphraea sp. and T. collaris. The ones with larger leaves/branches displayed greater abundance of species richness of Coleoptera and Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Therefore, the use of A. auriculiformis plants, fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge, is promising in the recovery of degraded areas due to the ecological indices increase of chewing and pollinators insects and spiders in the analyzed area.

A fertilização com lodo de esgoto desidratado pode acelerar o processo de recuperação de áreas degradadas devido à concentração de nutrientes, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de plantas pioneiras tais como Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) e de seus insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e predadores e seus índices e relações ecológicas em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado, em área degradada, durante 24 meses. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizados com dois tratamentos (com e sem adubação com lodo de esgoto desidratado) e 24 repetições (uma repetição = uma planta). O maior número de insetos mastigadores Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae) e Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), de desfolha, e do índice ecológico abundância de Coleoptera e de Orthoptera foram maiores em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas do que nas não fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado. Plantas de A. auriculiformis, com maior quantidade de galhos/árvore, apresentaram maiores abundâncias de Coleoptera e Orthoptera, riqueza de espécies de insetos polinizadores, desfolha e números de Parasyphraea sp. e T. collaris, e as com maior folhas/galho os de riqueza de espécies de Coleoptera e Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Por tanto, a utilização de A. auriculiformis, adubada com lodo de esgoto desidratado, é promissora na recuperação de áreas degradadas devido ao aumento dos índices ecológicos de insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e aranhas na área.

Chewing insects, pollinators, and predators on Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge

Abstract Fertilization with dehydrated sewage sludge can speed up the recovery process of degraded areas due to nutrients concentration, favoring the development of pioneer plants such as Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) and the emergence of insects. This study aimed the evaluation of chewing, pollinating insects, predators, their ecological indices and relationships on A. auriculiformis plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (with and without dehydrated sewage sludge) and 24 repetitions. The prevalence of chewing insects Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae), and Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), defoliation, and ecological indices of abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera were observed on fertilized A. auriculiformis. Acacia auriculiformis plants, with a superior number of branches/tree, revealed greater abundance of Coleoptera and Orthoptera, species richness of pollinating insects, defoliation, numbers of Parasyphraea sp. and T. collaris. The ones with larger leaves/branches displayed greater abundance of species richness of Coleoptera and Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Therefore, the use of A. auriculiformis plants, fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge, is promising in the recovery of degraded areas due to the ecological indices increase of chewing and pollinators insects and spiders in the analyzed area.

Resumo A fertilização com lodo de esgoto desidratado pode acelerar o processo de recuperação de áreas degradadas devido à concentração de nutrientes, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de plantas pioneiras tais como Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae) e de seus insetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e predadores e seus índices e relações ecológicas em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado, em área degradada, durante 24 meses. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizados com dois tratamentos (com e sem adubação com lodo de esgoto desidratado) e 24 repetições (uma repetição = uma planta). O maior número de insetos mastigadores Parasyphraea sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Nasutitermes sp. (Blattodea: Termitidae) e Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), de desfolha, e do índice ecológico abundância de Coleoptera e de Orthoptera foram maiores em plantas de A. auriculiformis fertilizadas do que nas não fertilizadas com lodo de esgoto desidratado. Plantas de A. auriculiformis, com maior quantidade de galhos/árvore, apresentaram maiores abundâncias de Coleoptera e Orthoptera, riqueza de espécies de insetos polinizadores, desfolha e números de Parasyphraea sp. e T. collaris, e as com maior folhas/galho os de riqueza de espécies de Coleoptera e Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Por tanto, a utilização de A. auriculiformis, adubada com lodo de esgoto desidratado, é promissora na recuperação de áreas degradadas devido ao aumento dos índices ecológicos de insetos mastigadores, polinizadores e aranhas na área.

Analysis of indicators of surface water pollution in Atlantic Forest preservation areas.

Managing water resources in regions with scarce data, like most developing countries, is still one of the major challenges around the world. Analysis of water quality parameters can provide important information for understanding the current status of water resources and their surroundings, including the changes that have occurred over time. This study aims to evaluate the influence of preservation areas on surface water quality in the Atlantic Forest biome. For this purpose, water quality monitoring sites with a greater number of parameters and longer monitoring time, located in six basins in the Atlantic Forest region of Brazil near preservation areas, were selected. This study employs seven statistical methods, such as cluster and principal component analysis (PCA), and promotes a robust analysis of the pollution of water resources in the Atlantic Forest. The most preserved basins, with more than 87% preservation area, have lower levels of pollution. The second most degraded basin, with 56% preservation area, presents intermediate pollution levels. The most degraded basin has the highest level of pollution. The basin with the lowest area of native vegetation is considered a degraded basin. Finally, non-point sources of pollution from agricultural activities were identified as the main sources of pollution in the region. The cophenetic correlation of 0.97 indicates a good performance of the cluster analysis. In addition, the pre-tests of PCA showed the suitability of the data for performing the test (Bartlett test, < 2.2e-16 and KMO, P= 0.7). The first principal component in the PCA, which accounts for 31.4% of the total variation, is associated with strong ammonia nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen loads, and moderate biological oxygen demand and nitrite loads. The second component, representing 13.6% of the total variation, indicates periods of self-cleaning of water resources after contamination. The results indicate the importance of maintaining preservation areas in the watershed contribution areas for the improvement of surface water quality in the Atlantic Forest.

Benefits of applying organic amendments from recycled wastes for fungal community growth in restored soils of a limestone quarry in a semiarid environment.

Applying organic amendments to recover physical, chemical, and biological qualities of soil may enable recovery of soils degraded by mining in semiarid climates. This study's aim was to investigate the development and changes in the composition of fungal communities in restored soils with five different types of organic amendments (two types of vegetable compost and sewage sludge compost, and a mixture of both) compared with unamended soils and surrounding natural soils and to examine the relationships between the fungal taxa, the new physico-chemical and biological soil properties of technosoils after 18 months of restoration, and natural soils. Restoration improved soil quality and fungal diversity, placing these soils in an intermediate position between unrestored soils (with no fungi present) and undisturbed reference soils, which were the most fungal diverse. Sewage-treated soils and their mixtures showed high nitrogen and carbohydrate content as well as high basal respiration and fatty acid content, suggesting that they provided readily biodegradable organic matter. In contrast, greenhouse compost-treated soils showed high total organic carbon and polyphenol content, whereas garden compost-treated soils showed intermediate values. The biological soil properties of both composts showed were similar to those of the reference soils, suggesting that composts contained more resilient organic matter. Organic amendments of dissimilar origin caused significantly different fungal soil communities at the genus level among the restored soils. Results indicated that soil pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen content, soil basal respiration, fungi/bacteria-PLFA ratio, and dehydrogenase and ß-glucosidase activities, together with Pearson's correlations, revealed that these properties and nutrient content (total organic carbon, C/N ratio, carbohydrates, and polyphenols) influenced 40 soil fungal taxa. Therefore, the organic amendments led to changes in soil properties that favoured plant cover by promoting the soil fungal community growth beneficial to the carbon cycle and symbiotic with plants.

A hydroelectric dam borrow pit rehabilitation. Two decades after the project, what went wrong?

Although environmental rehabilitation projects that did not succeed are not uncommon, there are few research papers that deal with the subject. Works on the rehabilitation of borrow pits are even more rare. In an attempt to fulfill some gaps, the present study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a program for the restoration of a clay borrow pit used for the construction of a hydroelectric plant, twenty years after its execution. In order to assess the current degradation stage and to identify the possible errors of this intervention, the area was mapped using an unmanned aerial vehicle, which allowed the identification of the remaining physical structures, dimensioning of the actual degraded area and characterization of vegetation cover and types of exposed soil. Physical and chemical parameters of the degraded area soils were compared to those of a contiguous preserved area, which was used as a control. Soils of the degraded area are significantly more compacted (with significant reduction in macroporosity) and depleted in organic matter and nutrients. The results showed that the methodologies used in the rehabilitation project were not sufficient to recover the resilience of a deeply degraded ecosystem. The long-term success of a rehabilitation project is only possible with the guarantee of the ecological sustainability of the area, which is largely related to the restoration of soil ecological processes. Most of the time, this cannot be achieved with the simple use of classical erosion control and revegetation techniques and without the addition of sediment material to aid the process.

Deposition and nutritional quality of the litter of pure stands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium / Aporte e qualidade nutricional da serapilheira de plantios puros de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Acacia mangium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of pure stands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium for litter deposition and nutrient return in a pit of clay extraction in northern Rio de Janeiro (RJ). We conducted a randomized block design experiment with two treatments and three replications. For the evaluation of the annual deposition of litter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), we used circular collectors during a year (from July 2006 to June 2007). The planting of Acacia mangium in clay extraction pits contributed with the largest annual deposition of litter and with a litter of better quality compared to Eucalyptus camaldulensis, with higher levels of P and N and lower C:N and polyphenol:N ratios. This fact possibly allows higher rates of decomposition by edaphic microorganisms and, hence, a faster release of these nutrients to the soil. In addition, the planting of legumes showed higher annual deposition of P and N.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contribuição de plantios puros de Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Eucalipto) e Acacia mangium (Acácia) na deposição de serapilheira e retorno de nutrientes em uma cava de extração de argila na região norte fluminense (RJ). Realizou-se um experimento, cujo delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos e três repetições. Para a avaliação do aporte anual de serapilheira e nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg), utilizaram-se coletores circulares, durante o período de um ano (julho de 2006 a junho de 2007). O plantio de Acacia mangium na cava de extração de argila contribuiu com o maior aporte anual de serapilheira total, bem como, uma serapilheira de melhor qualidade em relação ao Eucalyptus camaldulensis, apresentando maiores teores de P e N e menores relações C:N e Polifenol:N. Este fato possivelmente permite maiores taxas de decomposição pelos microrganismos edáficos, e consequente mais rápida liberação desses nutrientes para o solo. Além disso, o plantio da leguminosa apresentou maior aporte anual de P e N.

Aplicação de lodos de estações de tratamento de água e de tratamento de esgoto em solo degradado / Application of sludges from water treatment plant and from sewage treatment plant in degraded soil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) em solo degradado, com presença e ausência de lodo de Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), na produtividade do milheto e nas características de fertilidade desse solo. A área experimental foi resultante de depósito de materiais oriundos da construção da ETE Padilha Sul, em Curitiba (PR). Os blocos casualizados foram arranjados em parcelas subdivididas e uma testemunha, sendo a parcela principal constituída por ausência e presença de lodo de ETE (77 Mg.ha-1 Sólidos Totais - ST) e a subparcela por doses de lodo de ETA (24, 37 e 61 Mg.ha-1 (ST)). Concluiu-se que a aplicação de lodo de ETA não teve efeito sobre a produtividade de milheto, tampouco sobre os teores dos elementos avaliados no solo. No entanto, na presença do lodo de esgoto, a sua aplicação foi favorável à dinâmica do nitrogênio do solo até à dose de 37 Mg.ha-1 e a aplicação do lodo de ETE neutralizou o alumínio trocável, elevou o pH, o cálcio, carbono, fósforo e a saturação de bases, e reduziu a acidez potencial do solo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Sludge Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in degraded soil in the presence and absence of sludge Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), in the millet productivity and in the soil fertility characteristics. The experimental area was due to materials deposit from the construction of ETE Padilha Sul, in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. The randomized blocks were arranged in split plots and a witness, being the main plot, constituted by the absence and presence of STP sludge (77 Mg.ha-1 Total Solids - TS) and subplot by doses of WTS (24, 37 and 61 Mg.ha-1 TS). It was concluded that the application of WTS had no effect on the productivity of millet, nor about the proportion of elements evaluated in the soil. However, in the presence of sewage sludge, its application was favorable to the dynamic of nitrogen until the dose 37 Mg.ha-1 and the application of sludge STP neutralized the exchangeable aluminum, increased the pH, calcium, carbon, phosphorus and base saturation, and reduced the potential soil acidity.

Crescimento de Brachiaria brizantha pela adubação mineral e orgânica em rejeito estéril da mineração de quartzito / Growth of Brachiaria brizantha by mineral and organic fertilization on the sterile reject mining quartzite

Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu sob a influência da adubação mineral e orgânica, quando cultivada em rejeito estéril da mineração de quartzito. Conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco combinações de adubação orgânica (AO) e mineral (AM) e um tratamento adicional do rejeito estéril sem AO e AM (Testemunha). As combinações foram: 0%AO/100%AM; 25%AO/75%AM; 50%AO/50%AM; 75%AO/25%AM; 100%AO/0% AM. As doses de 100% de AM e AO foram de 50 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 e 40 kg K2O e 10 t de esterco de curral por ha. As variáveis avaliadas foram peso de massa seca (parte aérea, raiz e total) e teores e acúmulos de nutrientes. A B. brizantha cv. Marandu respondeu a AM e AO com as doses recomendadas de 37 kg N, 37 kg P2O5, 30 kg K2O e 2,6 t esterco de curral por ha. As doses de AM e AO aplicada ao rejeito estéril de quartzito influenciou o estado nutricional da forrageira. O acúmulo de nutrientes na forrageira nas doses recomendadas se deu na seguinte ordem na parte aérea: N > K > P > S > Ca > Mn >B > Fe> Zn > Cu e nas raízes: N> S > K > Ca > Mg > P > Fe > Mn > B > Cu > Zn.

In order to evaluate the behavior of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu under the influence of mineral fertilizer and organic, when grown in sterile reject from quartzite mining. The experiment was conducted under of a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments consisted of five combinations of mineral (MF) and organic (OF) fertilizer and an additional treatment of the sterile reject without MF and OF (Witness). The combinations were: 0%OF/100%MF; 25%OF/75%MF; 50%OF/50%MF; 75%OF/25%MF; 100%OF/0% MF. Doses of 100% MF and OF were 50 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O and 10 t bovine manure per ha. The variables evaluated were dry matter weight (shoot, root and total) and nutrients contents and accumulation. B. brizantha cv. Marandu responded to MF and OF with the recommended doses of 37 kg N, 37 kg P2O5, 30 kg K2O and 2.6 t bovine manure per ha. The doses of MF and OF applied to sterile reject quartzite influenced the nutritional status of the forage. The accumulation of nutrients in the forage at recommended doses in the following order was on the shoot: N > K > P > S > Ca> Mn > B > Fe > Zn > Cu and roots: N > S > K > Ca > Mg > P > Fe > Mn > B > Cu > Zn.

Land reclamation recovery with the sewage sludge use

In this work, investigations were carried out with five treatments [control, three doses of lime stabilized sludge (60, 120, 240 Mg ha-1 dry base) and soil corrective plus mineral fertilizer] to evaluate the immediate recuperation of a borrowed area. The application of stabilized alkaline sewage sludge acted as an acidity corrective, allowed the increase in the organic matter contents (21 to 43.5g dm-3) and available P (44 to 156 mg dm-3). Even with the use of the highest dose, no increase in the concentration of 32 analyzed metals was observed, due to the low concentration of metals in the sludge. The experiment showed that short term restoration of degraded area was possible by using high rates of sewage sludge without metal contamination.

Obras de infra-estrutura próximas aos grandes centros levam ao surgimento de áreas degradadas por decapamento que podem ser reintegradas a paisagem através dos processos de recuperação com o uso do lodo de esgoto. Estabeleceu-se um experimento com cinco tratamentos [testemunha, três doses de lodo alcalinizado (60, 120, 240Mgha-1 em base seca) e corretivo mais adubo mineral], para avaliar a recuperação imediata de uma área de empréstimo. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto alcalinizado atuou como corretivo da acidez, proporcionou aumento no teor de matéria orgânica (21 para 43,5g dm-3) e P disponível (4,4 para 156mg dm-3) e total, se mostrando superior ao mineral mais calagem. Mesmo com uso da maior dose, não foi observado acréscimos nos teores de 32 metais analisados, dado à baixa concentração de metais no lodo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que é possível o uso de doses elevadas de lodo de esgoto na recuperação de áreas degradadas.

O Crescimento de duas espécies florestais pioneiras, pau-de-balsa (Ochroma lagopus Sw.) e caroba (Jacaranda copaia D. Don), usadas para recuperação de áreas degradadas pela agricultura na Amazônia Central, Brasil / Growth of two forest pioneer species, pau-de-balsa (Ochroma lagopus Sw.) e caroba (Jacaranda copaia D. Don), used for rehabilitation of degraded areas from agriculture in Central Amazon, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o crescimento das espécies florestais pioneiras pau-de-balsa (Ochroma lagopus Sw.) e caroba (Jacaranda copaia D. Don) para a recuperação de áreas degradadas pela agricultura. Na área, situada no km 120 da BR-174, tinha sido plantado mandioca e banana e abandonada há 8 anos, formando uma capoeira de porte baixo e rala. O experimento foi instalado em maio/98, com e sem gradagem da área. O espaçamento foi de 3x3m, em covas de 20 cm (diâmetro) x 30 cm (profundidade), com adubação de 150g/cova de NPK (4-16-8) e calcário dolomítico na proporção de 3:1. Para a avaliação do crescimento, foram medidas a altura e o diâmetro das plantas aos 2 meses (julho/98) e a cada ano aproximadamente (junho/99, setembro/00 e maio/01). Os dados foram analisados através do delineamento inteiramente casualisado. A sobrevivência do pau-de-balsa foi maior em área gradeada (97,1 por cento) do que em area não gradeada (92,5 por cento), após o primeiro ano do plantio; da caroba, foi cerca de 90 por cento e sem diferenças entre as areas. A altura e diâmetro do pau-de-balsa, foram maiores em área gradeada, a partir do primeiro ano, chegando no terceiro ano a 11,85 m de altura e 11,42 cm de diâmetro. Na caroba, a diferença ocorreu a partir do segundo ano e no terceiro chegou a 8,37 m de altura e 11,18 cm de diâmetro. Além de outros fatores inerentes às espécies, o solo mais friável das áreas gradeadas, possibilitou um maior crescimento em altura e diâmetro das duas espécies estudadas.

The objective of experiment was study the growth of pioneer forest species pau-de-balsa (Ochroma lagopus) and caroba (Jacaranda copaia) to rehabilitate degraded areas from agriculture. The experiment carried out at Br-174, km 120. After the use for cassava and banana plantations the area was abandoned for 8 years. The secondary forest that took place was of low height and sparse trees. The experiment was installed at may/98 and composed by harrowed and no harrowed areas. The seedlings were planted in 3 x 3 m spacing, in 20 cm diameter by 30 cm deep holes, with 150g of fertilizer NPK (4-16-8) and dolomite limestone in the proportion 3:1. To evaluation the growth were measured the height and diameter in july/98 and each year, approximately (June/99, September/00 and May/01). The data were obtained from planted species comparing harrowed and no harrowed areas in a full random design. The survival of pau-de-balsa, was greater in harrowed area (97,1 percent) in relation to no harrowed area (92,5 percent) after one year of planting; and the survival of caroba, was 90 percent after one year of planting and showed no difference when compared the harrowed and no harrowed areas. The height and diameter of pau-de-balsa were greater in harrowed area after one year of planting, reaching 11.85 m and 11.42 cm, respectively. The differences occurred in caroba trees after the second year of planting, and reached, in the third year, 8.37 m of high and 11,18 cm in diameter. Besides other factors inherent to the species, the more friable soil of the harrowed area, facilitated higher growth to two studied species.